Numeral System (Sayı Sistemlerinde Dönüştürme)

Binary Numeral System - Base-2

Binary numbers uses only 0 and 1 digits.
B denotes binary prefix.

Examples:

10101₂ = 10101B = 1×2⁴+0×2³+1×2²+0×2¹+1×2⁰ = 16+4+1= 21

10111₂ = 10111B = 1×2⁴+0×2³+1×2²+1×2¹+1×2⁰ = 16+4+2+1= 23

100011₂ = 100011B = 1×2⁵+0×2⁴+0×2³+0×2²+1×2¹+1×2⁰ =32+2+1= 35

Octal Numeral System - Base-8

Octal numbers uses digits from 0..7.

Examples:

27₈ = 2×8¹+7×8⁰ = 16+7 = 23

30₈ = 3×8¹+0×8⁰ = 24

4307₈ = 4×8³+3×8²+0×8¹+7×8⁰= 2247

Decimal Numeral System - Base-10

Decimal numbers uses digits from 0..9.
These are the regular numbers that we use.

Example:

2538₁₀ = 2×10³+5×10²+3×10¹+8×10⁰

Hexadecimal Numeral System - Base-16

Hex numbers uses digits from 0..9 and A..F.
H denotes hex prefix.

Examples:

28₁₆ = 28H = 2×16¹+8×16⁰ = 40

2F₁₆ = 2FH = 2×16¹+15×16⁰ = 47

BC12₁₆ = BC12H = 11×16³+12×16²+1×16¹+2×16⁰= 48146

Numeral systems conversion table

The thing you Should considering when buying new laptop (Bilgisayar Alırken Dikkat Edilmesi Gereken Konular)

Buying a new laptop or desktop PC can be quite confusing. Many people find it difficult to compare prices, features, processor types,etc to find the right choice in accordance with their requirements.But there's 5 Most core thing you should consideration before buying the new one:

1.Register
2.RAM
3.System Time
4. Path of transmission(BuS)
5.Cache memory

CPU registers are for high-speed data storage. the capacity or model of your register is considering your laptop perform, the newest model the faster processing time.

It is obvious that for more professional tasks and to run a Xeon Server there will be more RAM required than for merely using a PC for browsing the internet. Moreover, the RAM type may matter more than many people might consider.  

Cache  memory is for determine increasesing the processing speed. Mounted inside the CPU cache memory models work faster than others. Data bus capacity is the determinant of the computer speed.

 Beside above 5 core things you must know about the video card & graphics card if you wanna using your computer for playing game and stuff , because is important to determine how high resolution computer users could play.


  
Toshiba Satellite C55-B5299

Processor Core: Dual-core (2 Core)
 RAM: 2 GB
 OS: Windows 8.1 64-bit
 Processor Speed: 2.16 GHz          

ASus X55LN
Processor core İ5
Processor Speed: 1.7GHZ-
RAM: 6GB
 OS: Windows 8.1 64-bit


                                                     

Programming Languages (Programlama Dilleri)

Programming Languages

   1.Machine Language

The lowest-level programming language (except for computers that utilize programmable microcode) Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers. While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers. Programmers, therefore, use either a high-level programming language or an assembly language. 

Example, to write my name ''KHALISH''  it would be like this on the computer screen:

01001011 01001000 01000001 01001100 01001001 01010011 01001000

   2. Assembly language

A programming language that is once removed from a computer's machine language. Machine languages consist entirely of numbers and are almost impossible for humans to read and write. Assembly languages have the same structure and set of commands as machine languages, but they enable a programmer to use names instead of numbers.


Example: MOV AH, 02MOV DL, 41 INT 21

   3. High level langguage

programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages. In contrast, assembly languagesare considered low-level because they are very close to machine languages.

The main advantage of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they are easier to read, write, and maintain. Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.

4. Application Generators
 Software that generates application programs from descriptions of the problem rather than by traditional programming. It is at a higher level and easier to use than a high-level programming language such as C/C++ or COBOL.

 One statement or descriptive line may generate a huge routine or an entire program. Generators used for complex program development allow if-then-else programming to be expressed along with the simpler descriptive of the inputs and required outputs.

Computers Performance Components(Bilgisayarın Performansını Belirleyen Bileşenler)

1.Register

In a computer, a register is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of a computer processor . A register may hold a computer instruction , a storage address, or any kind of data (such as a bit sequence or individual characters). Some instructions specify registers as part of the instruction.

For example, an instruction may specify that the contents of two defined registers be added together and then placed in a specified register. A register must be large enough to hold an instruction - for example, in a 32-bit instruction computer, a register must be 32 bits in length.

2.RAM (random access memory)

RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can be quickly reached by the computer's processor. RAM is much faster to read from and write to than the other kinds of storage in a computer, the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM.

However, the data in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. When you turn the computer off, RAM loses its data. When you turn your computer on again, your operating system and other files are once again loaded into RAM, usually from your hard disk.

3.System Time

Could found work on bios, This watch is taken from a battery on the motherboard of energy required to run continuously.

4. Path transmission (BuS)

In a computer or on a network, a bus is a transmission path on which signals are dropped off or picked up at every device attached to the line.

5.Cache Memory

Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU.

The basic purpose of cache memory is to store program instructions that are frequently re-referenced by software during operation. Fast access to these instructions increases the overall speed of the software program.

BITS VS BYTES(Byte ve Bit Arasındaki İlişki)

This is the boring stuff.I apologize in advance, because there’s no way to make this stuff interesting.But it’s necessary. You have to have an idea about the size of your files, graphics, videos, MP3 and other digital items and also the size of the drives and other peripherals required to handle them most efficiently. Whether it’s the amount of RAM on your main board, your hard drive, DVD burner, flash drive or network backup drive, they’re all expressed in the measurements which follow. So, like it or not, you have to have at least a relative basic understanding of bits and bytes:


A bit (short for BInary digiT) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit can have a binary value of either 0 or 1. Binary means that there are only two logical (i.e. on/off, true/false) choices. Until the value is actually determined, it can have two states. With respect to the physical storage of bits on a computer’s hard disk drive, the binary value reflects whether the bit is on (magnetic) or off (not magnetic).

Think of it like this: if you wrap lots of copper wire around a rod, then connect each end of the wire to the two poles of a battery, the rod will be magnetized and pick up iron. When you take one of the wires off of the battery, it’s no longer a magnet. You’ve turned it on and then off. There are only those two choices. That’s binary system (bi = two), and it also demonstrates the relationship between electricity and magnetism, a recurring computer principle. For more about how your computer computes with binary code.

To put it simply:

A byte is composed of 8 bits. Similar to the bit, the value of a byte is stored on the hard drive as either above or below a designated level of electrical (therefore magnetic) charge in a single capacitor. Half a byte (4 bits) is called a nibble. [Sometimes, the term octet is used for an 8 bit unit instead of a byte.] Also, in many systems, 4 - 8-bit bytes form a 32 bit word (and sometimes a half-word 16 bits long).

A kilobyte is 1024 bytes (Why exactly 1024 bytes? Because binary computers count in twos, so 1024 is the closest power of 2 to 1000 (2 to 10th power). Click HERE for more information about this). A megabyte is approximately 1 million bytes (actually, it’s 1,024 kilobytes or 1,048,576 bytes, see the comparison charts below). Similarly, a gigabyte is 1024 megabytes (1024 megabytes, 1,048,576 kilobytes, 1,073,741,824 bytes); and a terabyte is 1024 gigabytes.


A petabyte is 1024 terabytes. An exabyte is 1024 petabytes. And a zetabyte is 1024 exabytes. The largest current unit of measurement for computer data is the yottabyte, which is 1024 zetabytes.

GENERAL DISTINCTION:

Data SPEEDS are usually described in terms of BITS:

1,024 bits = 1 Kilobit

1,024Kb = 1 Megabit

1,024Mb = 1 Gigabit

1,024Gb = 1 Terabit


Data STORAGE is usually described in terms of BYTES:

8 bits = 1 byte

1,024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte

1,024KB = 1 Megabyte

1,024MB = 1 Gigabyte

1,024GB = 1 Terabyte

So, for example, a 10 Gbps connection would allow you to transfer 75GB of data over the course of a minute, or the equivalent of about 110 full CDs worth of music.

Ascii Code

What it is ASCII CODE? ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It's a 7-bit character code where every single bit represents a unique character.

Add caption

What I am going to show you today in binary is simply just the replacement of letters and numbers, with their binary equivalent. 1 and 0 are just a representation of on and off. 1 = on 0 = off. There are put in sections of "on and off's" also, usually sets of 8, called a byte. The digits are all valued exponentially, the easiest way to explain what that means is to show you, it is in the first picture at the bottom.

I will give you an example by my name in binary
K=01101011
H=01001000
A=01000001
L=01001100
I=01001001
S=01010011
H=01001000

Prezi Explanation homework